Una revisión sistemática del uso de la inteligencia artificial en la educación / A systematic review of the use of artificial intelligence in education

Introducción. El uso de la inteligencia artificial (IA) en la educación ha sido objeto de una creciente atención en los últimos años. La IA se ha utilizado para mejorar la personalización del aprendizaje, la retroalimentación y la evaluación de los estudiantes. Sin embargo, también hay desafíos y limitaciones asociados. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar las principales tendencias y áreas de aplicación de la inteligencia artificial en la educación, así como analizar los beneficios y limitaciones de su uso en este ámbito. Métodos. Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática que exploró el empleo de la inteligencia artificial en el ámbito educativo. Esta revisión siguió una metodología de investigación basada en la búsqueda de literatura, compuesta por cinco etapas. La investigación se realizó utilizando Scopus como fuente de consulta primaria y se empleó la herramienta VOSviewer para analizar los resultados obtenidos. Resultados. Se encontraron numerosos estudios que investigan el uso de la IA en la educación. Los resultados sugieren que la IA puede mejorar significativamente la personalización del aprendizaje, proporcionando recomendaciones de actividades y retroalimentación adaptadas a las necesidades individuales de cada estudiante. Conclusiones. A pesar de las ventajas del uso de la IA en la educación, también hay desafíos y limitaciones que deben abordarse, como la calidad de los datos utilizados por la IA, la necesidad de capacitación para educadores y estudiantes, y las preocupaciones sobre la privacidad y la seguridad de los datos de los estudiantes. Es importante seguir evaluando los efectos del uso de la IA en la educación para garantizar su uso efectivo y responsable.

Introduction. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in education has been the subject of increasing attention in recent years. AI has been used to improve personalized learning, feedback, and student assessment. However, there are also challenges and limitations. The aim of this study was to identify the main trends and areas of application of artificial intelligence in education, as well as to analyze the benefits and limitations of its use in this field. Methods. A systematic review was carried out on the use of artificial intelligence in education, using a literature search research methodology with five stages, based on the Scopus query and the tool for analyzing results with VOSviewer. Results. Numerous studies investigating the use of AI in education were found. The results suggest that AI can significantly improve personalized learning by providing activity recommendations and feedback tailored to the individual needs of each student. Conclusions. Despite the advantages of using AI in education, there are also challenges and limitations that need to be addressed, such as the quality of data used by AI, the need for training for educators and students, and concerns about the privacy and security of student data. It is important to continue evaluating the effects of AI use in education to ensure its effective and responsible use.

Application of PolyPRep tools on HIV protease polyproteins using molecular docking / Aplicação da ferramenta PolyPRep em poliproteínas de protease de HIV usando docking molecular

Abstract In recent years, the development of high-throughput technologies for obtaining sequence data leveraged the possibility of analysis of protein data in silico. However, when it comes to viral polyprotein interaction studies, there is a gap in the representation of those proteins, given their size and length. The prepare for studies using state-of-the-art techniques such as Machine Learning, a good representation of such proteins is a must. We present an alternative to this problem, implementing a fragmentation and modeling protocol to prepare those polyproteins in the form of peptide fragments. Such procedure is made by several scripts, implemented together on the workflow we call PolyPRep, a tool written in Python script and available in GitHub. This software is freely available only for noncommercial users.

Resumo Nos últimos anos, o desenvolvimento de tecnologias de alto rendimento para obtenção de dados sequenciais potencializou a possibilidade de análise de dados proteicos in silico. No entanto, quando se trata de estudos de interação de poliproteínas virais, existe uma lacuna na representação dessas proteínas, devido ao seu tamanho e comprimento. Para estudos utilizando técnicas de ponta como o Aprendizado de Máquina, uma boa representação dessas proteínas é imprescindível. Apresentamos uma alternativa para este problema, implementando um protocolo de fragmentação e modelagem para preparar essas poliproteínas na forma de fragmentos de peptídeos. Tal procedimento é feito por diversos scripts, implementados em conjunto no workflow que chamamos de PolyPRep, uma ferramenta escrita em script Python e disponível no GitHub. Este software está disponível gratuitamente apenas para usuários não comerciais.

Evaluation of characteristics of periodontal probes

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the millimeter distances and active tip diameters of different periodontal probes. Methods: Two types of periodontal probes were analyzed (North Carolina (15-UNC) and PCP-12). Two manufacturers were selected for each probe type. Digital images of the probes were obtained and the distances were measured using a software program. The diameter of the active tip was measured using a digital caliper. Both variables were measured by two trained and calibrated examiners. The data were analyzed using the Bland-Altman method and two-way ANOVA with Tukey's post-hoc test. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: A comparison of measurements between the 15UNC and PCP-12 probes showed a significant difference in all millimeter markings. The 15-UNC probe showed differences between the 3 and 12 mm markings. The PCP-12 probe only showed differences between the marks at the 12 mm mark. The 15-UNC probe had a similar active tip diameter between the two manufacturers. The PCP-12 probe showed a significant difference between the two manufacturers. Both types of probes had similar active tip diameters when compared by the two manufacturers. Conclusion: There was no standardization in relation to millimeter marks and tip diameters of the two types of periodontal probes produced by the two different manufacturers. The probe types exhibited little variability

Sistemas Computacionais para Auxílio na Cicatrização de Feridas: Revisão de Escopo / Computer Systems to Aid in Wound Healing: Scope Review / Sistemas Informáticos para Ayudar en la Cicatrización de Heridas: Revisión del Alcance

Objetivo:Investigar estudos que apresentem sistemas computacionais de auxílio à cicatrização de feridas e quais sistemas se referem ao uso de laser de baixa intensidade. Método: Revisão de escopo que visou responder à questão de pesquisa: Quais sistemas computacionais auxiliam na cicatrização de feridas? Uma subquestão foi: quais sistemas computacionais se referem ao uso do laser de baixa intensidade? Resultados: A partir da busca, aplicando os critérios de elegibilidade, 49 artigos compuseram a amostra final. Os sistemas apresentaram várias finalidades de apoio à cicatrização de feridas, em que a maioria apresentou como usuário do sistema o profissional de saúde, sendo a medicina a área profissional mais mencionada, embora a enfermagem esteja envolvida com o manejo do cuidado às pessoas com feridas. Foi relatada com frequência a inovação na assistência a partir do uso do sistema computacional, o que demonstra a importância desse tipo de ferramenta para a prática clínica. Verificou-se com frequência o uso de plataforma mobile, como tendência da atualidade. Conclusão: Os sistemas computacionais têm sido utilizados como ferramentas para apoiar pacientes e principalmente profissionais na cicatrização de feridas. Quanto ao laser de baixa intensidade, houve escassez de sistemas computacionais com essa finalidade, com apenas um estudo.

Objective:To investigate studies that present computational systems to aid healing and systems which refer to the use of low-level laser. Method: Scope review that aimed to answer the question: Which computer systems help in wound healing? A subquestion was: Which of the computer systems refer to the use of low-level laser? Results: From the search, applying the eligibility criteria, 49 articles made up the final sample. The systems served multiple purposes in support of wound healing; the majority presented the health professional as a user of the system; medicine was the most mentioned professional area despite nursing being involved in the management of care for people with wounds. Innovation in care using the computer system was frequently reported, demonstrating the importance of this type of tool for clinical practice. There was a high frequency of the mobile platform, showing that this is a current trend. Conclusion: Computer systems have been used as tools to support patients and especially professionals in wound healing. Regarding the systems aimed at the low intensity laser, there was a shortage of computer systems for this purpose, with a study.

Objetivo:Investigar estudios que presenten sistemas computacionales de ayuda a la cicatrización y sistemas que se refieran al uso de láser de bajo nivel. Método: Revisión de alcance que tuvo como objetivo responder a la pregunta: ¿Qué sistemas informáticos ayudan en la cicatrización de heridas? Una subpregunta fue: ¿Cuál de los sistemas informáticos se refieren al uso de láser de bajo nivel? Resultados: A partir de la búsqueda, aplicando los criterios de elegibilidad, 49 artículos conformaron la muestra final. Los sistemas sirvieron para múltiples propósitos en apoyo de la cicatrización de heridas; la mayoría presentó al profesional de la salud como usuario del sistema; la medicina fue el área profesional más mencionadas, a pesar de que la enfermería está involucrada en la gestión del cuidado de las personas con heridas. La innovación en la atención basada en el uso del sistema informático fue relatada con frecuencia, demostrando la importancia de este tipo de herramienta para la práctica clínica. Hubo una alta frecuencia de la plataforma móvil, lo que demuestra que esta es una tendencia actual. Conclusión: Los sistemas informáticos se han utilizado como herramientas de apoyo a los pacientes y especialmente a los profesionales en la cicatrización de heridas. En cuanto a los sistemas dirigidos al láser de baja intensidad, hubo escasez de sistemas informáticos para este fin, con un estudio.

Evidências de validade de umsoftware para gestão da fila cirúrgica eletiva / Evidence of validity of software for managing the elective surgical queue

Objetivo: Desenvolver um software para gestão da fila cirúrgica eletiva. Métodos: Estudo metodológico, conduzido para desenvolver e validar um protótipo computacional na forma de software. Para validar o conteúdo, participaram 55 juízes selecionados intencionalmente. Empregou-se o Índice de Validação de Conteúdo para medir o grau e a porcentagem de concordância entre os juízes. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal do Piauí, com Nº de Parecer 5.306.171. Resultados: As evidências de validade do conteúdo foram consideradas satisfatórias, indicando clareza, adequação aos objetivos propostos, coerência, atualização, organização lógica, precisão e objetividade, além de apresentar potencialidades para que os pacientes possam acompanhar o seu posicionamento na fila. Conclusão: O desenvolvimento do software reúne evidências válidas e favoráveis para a organização e gestão da lista de espera cirúrgica, permitindo a priorização de casos com base na gravidade clínica e no senso de urgência.(AU)

Objective: To develop a software for elective surgery queue management. Methods: Methodological study, conducted to develop and validate a computational prototype in the form of software. To validate the content, 55 intentionally selected judges participated. The Content Validation Index was used to measure the degree and percentage of agreement between the judges. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Piauí, with Opinion No. 5.306.171. Results: The evidence of content validity was considered satisfactory, indicating clarity, adequacy to the proposed objectives, coherence, updating, logical organization, precision and objectivity, in addition to presenting potentialities for patients to monitor their position in the queue. Conclusion: The development of the software brings together valid and favorable evidence for the organization and management of the surgical waiting list, allowing the prioritization of cases based on clinical severity and sense of urgency.(AU)

Objetivo: Desarrollar un software para la gestión de colas de cirugía electiva. Métodos: Estudio metodológico, realizado para desarrollar y validar un prototipo computacional en forma de software. Para validar el contenido, participaron 55 jueces seleccionados intencionadamente. Se utilizó el Índice de Validación de Contenido para medir el grado y el porcentaje de acuerdo entre los jueces. El estudio fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética en Investigación de la Universidad Federal de Piauí, con el Dictamen nº 5.306.171. Resultados: Las evidencias de validez de contenido fueron consideradas satisfactorias, indicando claridad, adecuación a los objetivos propuestos, coherencia, actualización, organización lógica, precisión y objetividad, además de presentar potencial para que los pacientes monitoreen su posición en la fila. Conclusión: El desarrollo del software reúne evidencias válidas y favorables para la organización y gestión de la lista de espera quirúrgica, permitiendo la priorización de los casos en función de la gravedad clínica y del sentido de urgencia.(AU)

Volumetric Assessment of the Insula in a Normally Functioning Human Brain Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Evaluación Volumétrica de la Ínsula en un Cerebro Humano que Funciona Normalmente Utilizando Imágenes de Resonancia Magnética

SUMMARY: Volumetric assessment of brain structures is an important tool in neuroscience research and clinical practice. The volumetric measurement of normally functioning human brain helps detect age-related changes in some regions, which can be observed at varying degrees. This study aims to estimate the insular volume in the normally functioning human brain in both genders, different age groups, and side variations. A cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted on 42 adult Sudanese participants in Al-Amal Hospital, Sudan, between May to August 2022, using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and automatic brain segmentation through a software program (BrainSuite). The statistical difference in total insular volume on both sides of the cerebral hemisphere was small. The insular volume on the right side was greater in males, while the left side showed no difference between both genders. A statistically significant difference between males and females was found (p > 0.05), and no statistical difference in different age groups was found according to the one-way ANOVA test (p>0.05). Adult Sudanese males showed a larger insular volume than females. MRI can be used to morphometrically assess the insula to detect any pathological variations based on volume changes.

La evaluación volumétrica de las estructuras cerebrales es una herramienta importante en la investigación y la práctica clínica de la neurociencia. La medición volumétrica del cerebro humano, que funciona normalmente, ayuda a detectar cambios relacionados con la edad en algunas regiones, las cuales se pueden observar en diversos grados. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo estimar el volumen insular en el cerebro humano que funciona normalmente, en ambos sexos, de diferentes grupos de edad y sus variaciones laterales. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo transversal en 42 participantes sudaneses adultos en el Hospital Al-Amal, Sudán, entre mayo y agosto de 2022, utilizando imágenes de resonancia magnética y segmentación automática del cerebro a través de un software (BrainSuite). Fue pequeña la diferencia estadística en el volumen insular total, en los hemisferios cerebrales. El volumen insular del lado derecho fue mayor en los hombres, mientras que el lado izquierdo no mostró diferencia entre ambos sexos. Se encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre hombres y mujeres (p > 0,05), y no se encontró diferencia estadística en los diferentes grupos de edad, según la prueba de ANOVA de una vía (p> 0,05). Los hombres sudaneses adultos mostraron un mayor volumen insular que las mujeres. La resonancia magnética se puede utilizar para evaluar morfométricamente la ínsula y para detectar cualquier variación patológica basada en cambios de volumen.

Avalia TIS SPF: protótipo de software para avaliação clínica de enfermeiros em penitenciária federal de segurança máxima / Evaluates TIS SPF: software prototype for clinical assessment of nurses in maximum security federal penitentiary

Resumo: Objetivou-se desenvolver o protótipo de um software para avaliação clínica de enfermeiros, no serviço de saúde da penitenciária federal de segurança máxima de Porto Velho, Brasil. Como método, seguiram-se os moldes da pesquisa metodológica de produção tecnológica, que teve como cenário uma penitenciária federal, e foi desenvolvida em duas fases: fase 1, denominada fase exploratória, que incluiu três etapas: a) revisão de literatura; b) informações obtidas dos participantes sobre o conhecimento da avaliação clínica; c) análise dos dados; fase 2, denominada de fase de desenvolvimento do modelo de prototipação, o qual seguiu o ciclo de vida de desenvolvimento de sistema, dividido em três etapas: análise e especificação; desenvolvimento; e manutenção, propostas por Pressman (2011). Como produto, obteve-se o protótipo do software intitulado AVALIA TIS - SPF, com características dinâmicas que inclui módulos de cadastro e login do usuário; identificação do paciente; histórico/anamnese e avaliação clínica. Conclui-se que esta ferramenta tem potencial para instrumentalizar o enfermeiro na execução e documentação da primeira etapa do processo de enfermagem, contribuindo na valorização e sustentação da prática profissional, colaborando para a assistência integral da população carcerária. É viável a replicabilidade para outras unidades prisionais, temas e outras áreas do conhecimento. Tem potencial para impacto social, mantendo a população de pessoas privadas de liberdade, com melhor qualidade de vida durante o período do cumprimento de pena; impacto econômico, com possibilidade de identificação precoce de problemas de saúde e, consequentemente, menor número de complicações que exigem utilização de serviços de saúde de atenção secundária ou terciária. O teor inovador encontra-se no fato de implementar um sistema de informação segura dos dados dos custodiados, com possibilidade de ampliação de todas as penitenciárias de segurança máxima brasileiras.

Abstract: This study aimed to develop a software prototype to clinically evaluate nurses in the health service of the maximum-security federal penitentiary in Porto Velho. We followed the methodological research of technological production using a federal penitentiary as a scenario. The study consisted of two phases: Phase 1, the exploratory phase, which included three stages: a) literature review; b) the information obtained from participants regarding their knowledge of clinical evaluation; and c) data analysis; Phase 2, the prototyping model development phase, which followed the system development life cycle, divided into three stages: a) analysis and specification; b) development; and maintenance, proposed by Pressman (2011). The final product is a software prototype entitled AVALIA TIS - SPF, with dynamic characteristics that include user registration and login modules, patient identification, history/anamnesis, and clinical evaluation. In conclusion, this tool has the potential to equip nurses in the execution and documentation of the first stage of the nursing process, contributing to the appreciation and support of professional practice and collaborating for the integral assistance of the prison population. Replicability for other prison units, themes, and other areas of knowledge is feasible. It has the potential for social impact, giving a better quality of life to the freedom-deprived population while serving their sentence, and economic impact, with the possibility of early identification of health problems and, consequently, fewer complications that require secondary or tertiary health care services. The innovative content is because it implements a secure information system for the data of those in custody, with the possibility of expanding all Brazilian maximum security penitentiaries.

Endodontia guiada: tecnologia aplicada na resolução de tratamentos de canais calcificados / Guided endodontics: technology applied in the resolution of treatments of calcified canals / Endodoncia guiada: tecnología aplicada en la resolución de tratamientos de conductos calcificados

As calcificações pulpares provocam alterações morfológicas no interior dos canais radiculares que dificultam o tratamento endodôntico. Para solucionar essa dificuldade, a ferramenta Endoguide ou Endodontia Guiada foi desenvolvida para a resolução de casos complexos. Esta pesquisa objetivou descrever as aplicações da ferramenta Endoguide no tratamento de canais calcificados na endodontia. Todas as buscas foram realizadas por um único pesquisador na base de dados PubMed/MEDLINE e busca manual utilizando os descritores "Endodontics", "Digital", "Cone beam", "Guided". Foram considerados elegíveis os artigos publicados entre 2010 e 2022 e excluídos os estudos cuja publicação não foi obtida na íntegra e ainda aqueles em que os resultados não apresentaram embasamento teórico e prático suficientes para que pudessem ser incluídos no trabalho. Após as buscas, foram encontrados 47 artigos, selecionados inicialmente pelo título e resumos, excluindo as duplicatas. Ao final, a leitura completa e coleta de dados foi realizada em 6 artigos. As informações relevantes dos artigos selecionados foram transcritas em forma de quadro para sumarizar os achados. A endodontia guiada pode ser uma excelente alternativa para tratamentos de casos complexos, necessitando um investimento financeiro mínimo no consultório, pois os equipamentos de captura de imagem, planejamento virtual e de guias podem ser realizados em laboratórios capacitados. Assim, concluímos que o emprego da Endoguide como ferramenta no tratamento de canais calcificados se mostrou bem-sucedido e sua utilização não requer um conhecimento amplo, podendo ser usada por profissionais menos experientes.

Pulp calcifications cause morphological changes inside the root canals that make endodontic treatment difficult. To solve this difficulty, the tool Endoguide or Guided Endodontics was developed to solve complex cases. This research aimed to describe the applications of the Endoguide tool in the treatment of calcified root canals in endodontics. All searches were performed by a single researcher in the PubMed/MEDLINE database and manual search using the descriptors "Endodontics", "Digital", "Cone beam", "Guided". Articles published between 2010 and 2022 were considered eligible, and studies whose publication was not obtained in full text were excluded, as well as those in which the results did not have sufficient theoretical and practical basis for them to be included in the study. After the searches, 47 articles were found, initially selected by title and abstract, excluding duplicates. In the end, the complete reading and data collection was performed with 6 articles. Relevant information from the selected articles was transcribed for a table to summarize the findings. Guided endodontics can be an excellent alternative for treating complex cases, requiring minimal financial investment in the office, as image capture equipment, virtual planning and guides can be performed in trained laboratories. Thus, we conclude that the use of Endoguide as a tool in the treatment of calcified canals proved to be successful and its use does not require extensive knowledge and can be used by less experienced professionals.

Las calcificaciones pulpares provocan cambios morfológicos en el interior de los conductos radiculares que dificultan el tratamiento endodóntico. Para solventar esta dificultad se desarrolló la herramienta Endoguide o Endodoncia Guiada para resolver casos complejos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue describir las aplicaciones de la herramienta Endoguide en el tratamiento de conductos radiculares calcificados en endodoncia. Todas las búsquedas fueron realizadas por un único investigador en la base de datos PubMed/MEDLINE y búsqueda manual utilizando los descriptores "Endodontics", "Digital", "Cone beam", "Guided". Se consideraron elegibles los artículos publicados entre 2010 y 2022, y se excluyeron los estudios cuya publicación no se obtuvo a texto completo, así como aquellos en los que los resultados no tenían suficiente base teórica y práctica para ser incluidos en el estudio. Tras las búsquedas, se encontraron 47 artículos, seleccionados inicialmente por título y resumen, excluyendo los duplicados. Al final, se realizó la lectura completa y la recogida de datos con 6 artículos. La información relevante de los artículos seleccionados se transcribió para elaborar una tabla que resumiera los hallazgos. La endodoncia guiada puede ser una excelente alternativa para el tratamiento de casos complejos, requiriendo una mínima inversión financiera en el consultorio, ya que los equipos de captura de imágenes, la planificación virtual y las guías pueden realizarse en laboratorios capacitados. Así, concluimos que el uso de la Endoguía como herramienta en el tratamiento de conductos calcificados demostró ser exitoso y su uso no requiere de grandes conocimientos y puede ser utilizado por profesionales menos experimentados.

Análise de aplicativos móveis voltados para controle parental: revisão narrativa / Analysis of mobile applications aimed at parental control: narrative review / Análisis de aplicaciones móviles orientadas al control parental: revisión narrativa

Crianças e adolescentes usam a tecnologia móvel para diversas finalidades, como lazer, entretenimento, estudos e comunicação. No entanto, faz-se necessário o controle e mediação parental pois o uso inadequado pode gerar danos à saúde. Existem aplicativos voltados para esta tarefa e com funcionalidades e características variadas. Diante disso, este estudo teve como objetivo analisar as aplicações móveis disponíveis para download na plataforma Google Play Store por meio de uma revisão narrativa e com auxílio do software IRAMUTEQ para revisão dos dados, analisar os comentários deixados pelos usuários. Foram investigadas as informações de 138 aplicativos, boa parte deles realizam funções essenciais, como controlar o tempo de acesso, bloquear sites e apps indesejados, porém, há muitas críticas relacionadas a problemas técnicos, aplicabilidade e prejuízos gerados pelo excessivo controle dos pais. A investigação mostrou que cinco softwares para o controle parental apresentavam as principais funções de acordo com a aplicabilidade (limite de tempo, filtros, localizador GPS, monitoramento de chamadas e mensagens), nota acima de 3,0 e ano de atualização em 2021. A análise dos comentários feita pelo software IRAMUTEQ, destacou as palavras "App" (referente à aplicativo), "filho", "celular", "bloquear", "funcionar", "criança", "instalar" e "desinstalar" como as mais importantes pelos usuários.

Children and teenagers use mobile technology for different purposes, such as leisure, entertainment, studies and communication. However, parental control and mediation is necessary, as inappropriate use can cause health damage. There are applications aimed at this task and with varied functionalities and characteristics. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the mobile applications available for download on the Google Play Store platform through a narrative review and with the help of the IRAMUTEQ software to review the data, analyze the comments left by users. Information from 138 applications was investigated, most of which perform essential functions, such as controlling access time, blocking unwanted websites and apps, however, there are many criticisms related to technical problems, applicability and damage caused by excessive parental control. The investigation showed that five parental control software had the main functions according to applicability (time limit, filters, GPS locator, call and message monitoring), grade above 3.0 and year of update in 2021. The analysis of the comments made by the IRAMUTEQ software, highlighted the words "App" (referring to the application), "son", "cell phone", "block", "work", "child", "install" and "uninstall" as the most important for users.

Los niños y adolescentes utilizan la tecnología móvil para diferentes fines, como el ocio, el entretenimiento, los estudios y la comunicación. Sin embargo, es necesario el control y la mediación parental, ya que un uso inadecuado puede causar daños a la salud. Existen aplicaciones destinadas a esta tarea y con funcionalidades y características variadas. Por lo tanto, este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar las aplicaciones móviles disponibles para su descarga en la plataforma Google Play Store a través de una revisión narrativa y con la ayuda del software IRAMUTEQ para revisar los datos, analizar los comentarios dejados por los usuarios. Se investigó la información de 138 aplicaciones, la mayoría de las cuales cumplen funciones esenciales, como controlar el tiempo de acceso, bloquear sitios web y apps no deseadas, sin embargo, existen muchas críticas relacionadas con problemas técnicos, de aplicabilidad y daños causados por el excesivo control parental. La investigación mostró que cinco programas de control parental tenían las funciones principales según aplicabilidad (límite de tiempo, filtros, localizador GPS, monitorización de llamadas y mensajes), grado superior a 3.0 y año de actualización en 2021. El análisis de los comentarios realizados por el software IRAMUTEQ, destacó las palabras "App" (refiriéndose a la aplicación), "hijo", "móvil", "bloquear", "trabajar", "niño", "instalar" y "desinstalar" como las más importantes para los usuarios.

Analysis of the Development Trend in Forensic Odontology Based on CiteSpace / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To realize the dynamic visualization of forensic odontology based on the bibliometrics methods, and capture the research hotspots and identify the future development trend.@*METHODS@#Literature articles published from January 1995 to December 2020 were searched according to specific subject words in the core data set of Web of Science. The visualization analysis of publishing country, institution, discipline, author, co-cited journal and keywords was performed by CiteSpace 5.7.R5W software.@*RESULTS@#The annual analysis of publications showed an upward trend of forensic odontology research literature year by year, with the number of annual publications more than 110 in the last five years. Developed countries were the main source of contributions and the average centrality was greater than 0.2. The research of forensic odontology involved multiple disciplines, including stomatology, biology, computer science and medical imaging, with a distinct interdisciplinary feature. A total of 115 nodes were obtained by keyword cluster analysis. The principal line of forensic odontology mainly included individual identification and age estimation and the emergence of hotspots was closely related to new technologies. Population-based odontology investigation, improvement of traditional dental age estimation method and dental age estimation based on new technology were popular research in forensic odontology.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Developing countries urgently need to increase the focus on related research. It may be an important direction for the development of forensic odontology to establish and enrich the regional dental database, develop new odontology identification technology combined with frontier and high-end technology, and develop the identification program based on advanced information technology.

Automatic determination of mandibular landmarks based on three-dimensional mandibular average model / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To explore an efficient and automatic method for determining the anatomical landmarks of three-dimensional(3D) mandibular data, and to preliminarily evaluate the performance of the method.@*METHODS@#The CT data of 40 patients with normal craniofacial morphology were collected (among them, 30 cases were used to establish the 3D mandibular average model, and 10 cases were used as test datasets to validate the performance of this method in determining the mandibular landmarks), and the 3D mandibular data were reconstructed in Mimics software. Among the 40 cases of mandibular data after the 3D reconstruction, 30 cases that were more similar to the mean value of Chinese mandibular features were selected, and the size of the mandibular data of 30 cases was normalized based on the Procrustes analysis algorithm in MATLAB software. Then, in the Geomagic Wrap software, the 3D mandibular average shape model of the above 30 mandibular data was constructed. Through symmetry processing, curvature sampling, index marking and other processing procedures, a 3D mandible structured template with 18 996 semi-landmarks and 19 indexed mandibular anatomical landmarks were constructed. The open source non-rigid registration algorithm program Meshmonk was used to match the 3D mandible template constructed above with the tested patient's 3D mandible data through non-rigid deformation, and 19 anatomical landmark positions of the patient's 3D mandible data were obtained. The accuracy of the research method was evaluated by comparing the distance error of the landmarks manually marked by stomatological experts with the landmarks marked by the method of this research.@*RESULTS@#The method of this study was applied to the data of 10 patients with normal mandibular morphology. The average distance error of 19 landmarks was 1.42 mm, of which the minimum errors were the apex of the coracoid process [right: (1.01±0.44) mm; left: (0.56±0.14) mm] and maximum errors were the anterior edge of the lowest point of anterior ramus [right: (2.52±0.95) mm; left: (2.57±1.10) mm], the average distance error of the midline landmarks was (1.15±0.60) mm, and the average distance error of the bilateral landmarks was (1.51±0.67) mm.@*CONCLUSION@#The automatic determination method of 3D mandibular anatomical landmarks based on 3D mandibular average shape model and non-rigid registration algorithm established in this study can effectively improve the efficiency of automatic labeling of 3D mandibular data features. The automatic determination of anatomical landmarks can basically meet the needs of oral clinical applications, and the labeling effect of deformed mandible data needs to be further tested.

A comparative study based on the mandibular movement track and the movement parameters of the virtual articulator in simulating occlusal adjustment / 华西口腔医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#This study aimed to compare the effects of virtual adjustment on occlusal interferences in mandibular posterior single crown and three-unit bridge restorations by using the mandibular movement track and the movement parameters of a virtual articulator.@*METHODS@#Twenty-two participants were recruited. Digital casts of the maxillary and mandibular arches were obtained using an intraoral scanner, and the jaw registration system was used to record the data of the mandibular movement track and the movement parameters of the articulator. Four kinds of restorations with 0.3 mm occlusal interferences were designed with dental design software. In particular, single crowns were designed for teeth 44 and 46, whereas three-unit bridges were designed for teeth 44-46 and 45-47, and the corresponding natural teeth were virtually extracted. Virtual adjustment of the restorations was performed using two dynamic occlusal recordings, namely, the mandibular movement track and the movement parameters of the virtual articulator. A reverse-engineering software was used to measure the root-mean-square of the three-dimensional deviation of the occlusal surfaces between natural teeth and the adjusted restorations. The differences between the two methods of virtual-occlusion adjustment were compared and analyzed.@*RESULTS@#For the same group of restorations, the three-dimensional deviation of the mandibular movement track group were lower than those of the virtual articulator group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). For the four groups of restorations adjusted by the same method, the three-dimensional deviation of the 46-tooth single crown was the largest and the smallest three-dimensional deviation was that of the 44-tooth single crown. Statistical differences existed between the 44-tooth single crown and the other groups (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#For the occlusal design of posterior single crown and three-unit bridge, the mandibular movement track could be a more effective approach to virtual occlusal adjustment than the movement parameters of the virtual articulator.

Construction and evaluation of an artificial intelligence-based risk prediction model for death in patients with nasopharyngeal cancer / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#To screen the risk factors for death in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) using artificial intelligence (AI) technology and establish a risk prediction model.@*METHODS@#The clinical data of NPC patients obtained from SEER database (1973-2015). The patients were randomly divided into model building and verification group at a 7∶3 ratio. Based on the data in the model building group, R software was used to identify the risk factors for death in NPC patients using 4 AI algorithms, namely eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Decision Tree (DT), Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and random forest (RF), and a risk prediction model was constructed based on the risk factor identified. The C-Index, decision curve analysis (DCA), receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and calibration curve (CC) were used for internal validation of the model; the data in the validation group and clinical data of 96 NPC patients (collected from First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College) were used for internal and external validation of the model.@*RESULTS@#The clinical data of a total of 2116 NPC patients were included (1484 in model building group and 632 in verification group). Risk factor screening showed that age, race, gender, stage M, stage T, and stage N were all risk factors of death in NPC patients. The risk prediction model for NPC-related death constructed based on these factors had a C-index of 0.76 for internal evaluation, an AUC of 0.74 and a net benefit rate of DCA of 9%-93%. The C-index of the model in internal verification was 0.740 with an AUC of 0.749 and a net benefit rate of DCA of 3%-89%, suggesting a high consistency of the two calibration curves. In external verification, the C-index of this model was 0.943 with a net benefit rate of DCA of 3%-97% and an AUC of 0.851, and the predicted value was consistent with the actual value.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Gender, age, race and TNM stage are risk factors of death of NPC patients, and the risk prediction model based on these factors can accurately predict the risks of death in NPC patients.

Study on the time-point distribution characteristics of the occurrence of laryngopharyngeal reflux / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective: To investigate the characteristics of the time-point distribution of the occurrence of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) by 24-hour multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH monitoring (24 h MII-pH) and to provide guidance for the development of individualized anti-reflux strategies for LPR patients. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 24 h MII-pH data from 408 patients [339 males and 69 females, aged 23-84 (55.08±11.08) years] attending the Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery at the Sixth Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital from January 2013 to March 2020. The number of gas acid/weak-acid reflux, mixed gas-liquid acid/weak-acid reflux, liquid acid/weak-acid reflux and alkaline reflux events at different time points were recorded and statistically analyzed through SPSS 26.0 software. Results: A total of 408 patients were included. Based on the 24 h MII-pH, the total positive rate of LPR was 77.45% (316/408). The type of positive gaseous weak-acid reflux was significantly higher than the remaining types of LPR (χ2=297.12,P<0.001). Except the gaseous weak-acid reflux, the occurrence of the remaining types of LPR showed a tendency to increase after meals, especially after dinner. Liquid acid reflux events occurred mainly between after dinner and the following morning, and 47.11% (57/121) of them occurred within 3 h after dinner. There was a significant positive association between Reflux Symptom Index scores and gaseous weak-acid reflux(r=0.127,P<0.01), liquid acid reflux(r=0.205,P<0.01) and liquid weak-acid reflux(r=0.103,P<0.05)events. Conclusions: With the exception of gaseous weak-acid reflux events, the occurrence of the remaining types of LPR events has a tendency to increase after meals, especially after dinner. Gaseous weak-acid reflux events accounts for the largest proportion of all types of LPR events, but the pathogenic mechanisms of gaseous weak-acid reflux are needed to further investigate.

Preliminary evaluation of the trueness of 5 chairside 3D facial scanning techniques / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To quantitatively evaluate the trueness of five chairside three-dimensional facial scanning techniques, and to provide reference for the application of oral clinical diagnosis and treatment.@*METHODS@#The three-dimensional facial data of the subjects were collected by the traditional professional three-dimensional facial scanner Face Scan, which was used as the reference data of this study. Four kinds of portable three-dimensional facial scanners (including Space Spider, LEO, EVA and DS-FScan) and iPhone Ⅹ mobile phone (Bellus3D facial scanning APP) were used to collect three-dimensional facial data from the subjects. In Geomagic Studio 2013 software, through data registration, deviation analysis and other functions, the overall three-dimensional deviation and facial partition three-dimensional deviation of the above five chairside three-dimensional facial scanning technologies were calculated, and their trueness performance evaluated. Scanning time was recorded during the scanning process, and the subject's comfort was scored by visual analogue scale(VAS). The scanning efficiency and patient acceptance of the five three-dimensional facial scanning techniques were evaluated.@*RESULTS@#DS-FScan had the smallest mean overall and mean partition three-dimensional deviation between the test data and the reference data, which were 0.334 mm and 0.329 mm, respectively. The iPhone Ⅹ mobile phone had the largest mean overall and mean partition three-dimensional deviation between the test data and the reference data, which were 0.483 mm and 0.497 mm, respectively. The detailed features of the three-dimensional facial data obtained by Space Spider were the best. The iPhone Ⅹ mobile phone had the highest scanning efficiency and the highest acceptance by the subject. The average scanning time of the iPhone Ⅹ mobile phone was 14 s, and the VAS score of the subjects' scanning comfort was 9 points.@*CONCLUSION@#Among the five chairside three-dimensional face scanning technologies, the trueness of the scan data of the four portable devices had no significant difference, and they were all better than the iPhone Ⅹ mobile phone scan. The subject with the iPhone Ⅹ scanning technology had the best expe-rience.

Long-term trend analysis of liver cancer survival rate in Qidong region, Jiangsu Province, 1972-2019 / 中华肝脏病杂志

Objective: To analyze the incidence and survival rate of liver cancer cases in the entire population in the Qidong region from 1972 to 2019, so as to provide a basis for prognosis evaluation, prevention, and treatment. Methods: The observed survival rate (OSR) and relative survival rate (RSR) of 34 805 cases of liver cancer in the entire Qidong region population from 1972 to 2019 were calculated using Hakulinen's method with SURV3.01 software. Hakulinen's likelihood ratio test was used for statistical analysis. Age-standardized relative survival (ARS) was calculated using the International Cancer Survival Standard. The Joinpoint regression analysis was performed with Joinpoint 4.7.0.0 software to calculate the average annual percentage change (AAPC) of the liver cancer survival rate. Results: 1-ASR increased from 13.80% in 1972-1977 to 50.20% in 2014-2019, while 5-ASR increased from 1.27% in 1972-1977 to 27.64% in 2014-2019. The upward trend of RSR over eight periods was statistically significant (χ (2) = 3045.29, P < 0.001). Among them, male 5-ASR was 0.90%, 1.80%, 2.33%, 4.92%, 5.43%, 7.05%, 10.78%, and 27.78%, and female 5-ASR was 2.33%, 1.51%, 3.35%, 3.92%, 3.84%, 7.18%, 11.45%, and 29.84%, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in RSR between males and females (χ (2) = 45.68, P < 0.001). The 5-RSR for each age group of 25-34 years old, 35-44 years old, 45-54 years old, 55-64 years old, 65-74 years old, and 75 years old were 4.92%, 5.29%, 8.17%, 11.70%, 11.63%, and 9.60%, respectively. There were statistically significant differences in RSR among different age groups (χ (2) = 501.29, P < 0.001). The AAPC in Qidong region from 1972 to 2019 for 1-ARS, 3-ASR, and 5-ARS were 5.26% (t = 12.35, P < 0.001), 8.10% (t = 15.99, P < 0.001), and 8.96 % (t = 16.06, P < 0.001), respectively. The upward trend was statistically significant in all cases. The AAPC of 5-ARS was 9.82% in males (t = 14.14, P < 0.001), and 8.79% in females (t = 11.48, P < 0.001), and the upward trend was statistically significant in both. The AAPC of 25-34 years old, 35-44 years old, 45-54 years old, 55-64 years old, 65-74 years old, and 75 years old were 5.37% (t = 5.26, P = 0.002), 5.22% (t = 5.66, P = 0.001), 7.20% (t = 6.88, P < 0.001), 10.00% (t = 12.58, P < 0.001), 9.96% (t = 7.34, P < 0.001) and 8.83% (t = 3.51, P = 0.013), and the upward trend was statistically significant. Conclusion: The overall survival rate of registered cases of liver cancer in the Qidong region's entire population has greatly improved, but there is still much room for improvement. Hence, constant attention should be paid to the study on preventing and treating liver cancer.

Study on the method of automatically determining maxillary complex landmarks based on non-rigid registration algorithms / 中华口腔医学杂志

Objective: To explore an automatic landmarking method for anatomical landmarks in the three-dimensional (3D) data of the maxillary complex and preliminarily evaluate its reproducibility and accuracy. Methods: From June 2021 to December 2022, spiral CT data of 31 patients with relatively normal craniofacial morphology were selected from those who visited the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology. The sample included 15 males and 16 females, with the age of (33.3±8.3) years. The maxillary complex was reconstructed in 3D using Mimics software, and the resulting 3D data of the maxillary complex was mesh-refined using Geomagic software. Two attending physicians and one associate chief physician manually landmarked the 31 maxillary complex datasets, determining 24 anatomical landmarks. The average values of the three expert landmarking results were used as the expert-defined landmarks. One case that conformed to the average 3D morphological characteristics of healthy individuals' craniofacial bones was selected as the template data, while the remaining 30 cases were used as target data. The open-source MeshMonk program (a non-rigid registration algorithm) was used to perform an initial alignment of the template and target data based on 4 landmarks (nasion, left and right zygomatic arch prominence, and anterior nasal spine). The template data was then deformed to the shape of the target data using a non-rigid registration algorithm, resulting in the deformed template data. Based on the unchanged index property of homonymous landmarks before and after deformation of the template data, the coordinates of each landmark in the deformed template data were automatically retrieved as the automatic landmarking coordinates of the homonymous landmarks in the target data, thus completing the automatic landmarking process. The automatic landmarking process for the 30 target data was repeated three times. The root-mean-square distance (RMSD) of the dense corresponding point pairs (approximately 25 000 pairs) between the deformed template data and the target data was calculated as the deformation error of the non-rigid registration algorithm, and the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) of the deformation error in the three repetitions was analyzed. The linear distances between the automatic landmarking results and the expert-defined landmarks for the 24 anatomical landmarks were calculated as the automatic landmarking errors, and the ICC values of the 3D coordinates in the three automatic landmarking repetitions were analyzed. Results: The average three-dimensional deviation (RMSD) between the deformed template data and the corresponding target data for the 30 cases was (0.70±0.09) mm, with an ICC value of 1.00 for the deformation error in the three repetitions of the non-rigid registration algorithm. The average automatic landmarking error for the 24 anatomical landmarks was (1.86±0.30) mm, with the smallest error at the anterior nasal spine (0.65±0.24) mm and the largest error at the left oribital (3.27±2.28) mm. The ICC values for the 3D coordinates in the three automatic landmarking repetitions were all 1.00. Conclusions: This study established an automatic landmarking method for three-dimensional data of the maxillary complex based on a non-rigid registration algorithm. The accuracy and repeatability of this method for landmarking normal maxillary complex 3D data were relatively good.

Epidemiological characteristics and spatio-temporal distribution of pulmonary tuberculosis cases reported in students from Guizhou Province, 2011-2020 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To analyze the trend of epidemiological characteristics and spatiotemporal distribution of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) among smear-positive or other types of students in Guizhou Province from 2011 to 2020, and to provide a reference for improving prevention and control measures. Methods: Data were collected from the Chinese Information System's Notifiable Disease and Tuberculosis Management Information System for disease control and prevention, the Joinpoint 4.9.1.0 software was used to analyze the trend of registration rate; the ArcGIS 10.6 software was used to construct a ring map and to perform spatial autocorrelation analysis; the SaTScan 9.7 software was used for spatial-temporal scan statistics. Results: A total of 32 682 student PTB cases were reported in Guizhou Province from 2011 to 2020, including 5 949 (18.20%) smear-positive cases. Most cases occurred from high school students of 16 to 18 years old (43.99%, 14 376/32 682); the annual average registered rate was 36.22/100 000, the highest in 2018 (52.90/100 000), and the registration rate showed an increasing trend. Meanwhile, a similar trend of registration rate was observed among smear-positive or other types of students. The spatialtemporal heterogeneity was found that the "high-high" clustering patterns of smear-positive or other types were aggregated in Bijie City. Six spatialtemporal clusters with statistically significant (all P<0.001) were detected among smear-positive or other cases, respectively. Conclusions: Upward trend with spatial- temporal clusters of PTB cases reported in students from Guizhou Province from 2011 to 2020. Surveillance should be strengthened for high school students, and regular screening should be conducted in high-risk areas to control the source of infection and reduce the risk of transmission.

The role of jigsaw karyotype analysis in the teaching of chromosomal recognition / 中华医学遗传学杂志

Karyotype analysis is the basic method in cytogenetics, and is also recognized as the "gold standard" for diagnosing chromosomal disorders. The teaching and training for traditional karyotyping analysis is time-consuming and even boring. The individual's ability for mastering the chromosome morphology can vary greatly. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the teaching method. On the basis of the traditional method, we have added auxiliary analysis software during the teaching. This type of splicing karyotype teaching has increased the students' interest and improved their ability for karyotyping, allowing them to quickly remember the characteristic bands of chromosomes. Through enhanced memory of a large number of karyotypic images, the students' ability to recognize individual chromosomes has improved.